Theses about Person-Centred Counselling

Person centered therapy focuses at helping clients in the growth process so that they can better cope with the difficulties they are facing and with future difficulties. A person centered counsellor will help a depressed client by creating a helping relationship that   helps the client explore ares of their life that are distorted (McLeod, 1998) Case Study of Billy Billys self analysis shows that he feels helpless, powerless and incapable to make decisions or efficiently direct his own life. On the brighter side, he has quite a good idea of what he wants for his life. The person centered therapist relies on the self analysis as it tells of Billys self -view.   The therapist will work towards understanding him from his internal frame of reference. Billy has listed goals that he hopes to achieve during therapy. He is not motivated to change and seems skeptical about therapy.   Given these situations, the person centered counselor still has faith in his ability channel his own path and trusts that he has within himself the necessary resources for personal growth. She encourages Billy to freely speak about the perceived discrepancy between the person he sees himself as being and the person he would like to become; about his feelings of being a disappointment, or not being man enough, being inadequate, about his concerns and hopelessness. The th erapist strives to create an atmosphere of freedom and security that will encourage Billy to explore the threatening aspects of himself. To achieve this, the therapist listens intently to Billy and observes the manner in which he expresses himself. She attempts to be empathic by taking time to understand what it is like to live in his world. She conveys to him the basic attitudes of understanding and accepting, and by using positive regards he may be encouraged to drop his pretenses and defenses thus he can more fully and freely explore his personal concerns. The positive regard and acceptance is unconditional hence it is not   dependent on the clients feelings and decisions. Billy has poor self esteem and a poor evaluation of his self worth. He wants to be loved although he has difficulty believing that others really like him. He hopes to feel equal to others and a sense of acceptance and belonging.   Billy needs to feel that the therapist is genuinely interested in him by creating a supportive, trusting and encouraging atmosphere. The relationship will serve as a learning tool for Billy to be more accepting of his weaknesses and strengths. He has the opportunity to openly talk about and face his reality and of being a failure, inadequate and hopelessness. He can explore how he feels judged by his family and peers. He is given a platform to explore his guilt feeling about not measuring up to his familys and his own expectations. He can explore his hurt feelings over not feeling loved and wanted. He can also explore the loneliness and isolation that he feels, and his addiction to alcohol and drugs as a means of dulling these feelings. Point out to Billy that he is no longer totally alone, for he is taking the risk of letting his therapist into his private world. By letting the therapist in, Billy gradually gets a realistic view of his experiences and is able to accept and change his own feelings and attitudes. He becomes awareness that he has the capacity to master his own strengths and make his own decisions.The care and faith, Billy receives from the therapist helps him to increase his own faith and confidence in his ability to resolve his problems and create a new way of life. Success of the therapy will be exhibited in the following ways: Billy sees himself in a more positive way and their behaviors should exhibit more flexibility and creativity. He will empower himself to direct his own life instead of looking outside or answers and using drugs and alcohol to escape from reality. He will come to appreciate itself as he is. He will be more aware of mental messages that are self defeating and less dependent on approval from others. Billy should be able to live life as he imagined,be more in touch with what he is experiencing at the present time, be less bound by the past and gradually trusting in themselves to successful manage their life (Corey, 2009) REFERENCE Gerald Corey (2009) Theory and Practice of Couseling and Psychotherapy (8th ed) Brooks/Cole. Australia. Mcleod John (1998) An introduction to Counselling (2nd ed) Open University Press. Buckingham.

Diverticular Disease What is the difference between...

When pockets develop in the wall of the colon, this is called diverticulosis. The pockets that form are called diverticula; the pockets pick up fecal matter as the body’s waste is propelled through the colon. Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are classified as diverticular disease. The main difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis is that there is no inflammation, and with the second there is. Approximately 80 percent of the individuals who have been diagnosed with diverticulosis never advance to the more serious condition, diverticulitis. Most people who have diverticulosis have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of diverticulosis Abdominal bloating Constipation Diarrhea Left lower abdominal pain (relieved after passing†¦show more content†¦The weak spots in the colon pooch outward and fill up with fecal matter. It is believed that a diet which lacks enough fiber is a primary cause of the high pressure created in the colon. The increased pressure causes tissue breakdown of the colonic wall. If you don’t eat enough fiber, the stool gets hard. When stool gets hard, it tends to stay in one spot and more fecal matter packs up behind it, which causes more pressure to be exerted on the wall of the colon. Causes of diverticulitis The causes of diverticulitis are also thought to be due to internal pressure in the colon. It’s not completely understood what causes the diverticula to become inflamed and infected. The internal pressure of fecal matter in the diverticula can impair circulation; when circulation is reduced in the diverticula, the tissue can break down and sometimes the pouches can burst. It is believed that aging has something to do with compromising the muscle tone of the colonic wall; people aged 50 and over are most at risk for diverticulosis and diverticulitis. It is believed that high fat diets and obesity also play a role in developing diverticular disease. How is diverticular disease diagnosed? Diverticulosis – Since diverticulosis usually has no significant symptoms, it is often found during routine screening exams. Diverticulosis may also be found when you are having scans t rule out some other

Cast System in india Free Essays

History of the Indian caste system From Wikipedia, the tree encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Indian society has consisted of thousands of endogamous clans and groups called latis since ancient times. The Brahmlnlcal scriptures and texts tried to bring this diversity under a comprehensible scheme which hypothesised four Idealised meta groups called varna. The first mention of the formal varna Indian caste system Is in the famous Purusha Sukta of the Rigveda, although it is the only mention in the entire body of the Vedas and has been decried as a much later, non-Vedic insertion y numerous Indologists like Max M?ller and also by Ambedkar. We will write a custom essay sample on Cast System in india or any similar topic only for you Order Now [citation needed] Contents 1 Hindu scriptures 2 Emergence of rigid caste structures 2. Mobility across the castes 3 Reform movements 4 Reterences 5 External links Hindu scriptures In the Vedic period, there also seems to have been no dlscrlmlnatlon against the Shudras on the Issue of hearing the sacred words of the Vedas and fully participating in all religious rituals, something which became progressively restricted in the later citation needed] Manusmriti, dated between 200 BCE and 100 CE, ontains some laws that codified the caste system. The Manu Smriti belongs to a class of books that are geared towards ethics, morals. nd social conduct – not spirituality or religion. Emergence of rigid caste structures In its later stages, the caste system is said to have become rigid, and caste began to be inherited rather than acquired by merit. In the past, members of dfferent castes would not partake in various activities, such as dining and religious gatherings, together. In additio n, the performance of religious rites and rituals were restricted to Brahmins, who were the designated priesthood. Mobility across the castes The view ot the caste system as â€Å"static and unchanging† has been disputed by many scholars. For Instance, sociologists such as Bernard Buber and Marriott McKlm describe how the perception of the caste system as a static and textual stratification has given way to the perception of the caste system as a more processual, empirical and contextual stratification. Other sociologists such as Y. B Damle have applied theoretical models to explain mobility and flexibility in the caste system in India. [2] According to these scholars, groups of lower-caste individuals could seek to elevate the status of their caste by attempting to emulate the practices of higher castes. Some scholars believe that the relative ranking of other castes was fluid or differed from one place to another prior to the arrival of the British. [3] According to some psychologists, mobility across broad caste lines may have been â€Å"minimal†, though sub-castes (Jatis) may change their social status over the generations by fission, re- the question of rigidity in Caste. In an ethnographic study of the Coorgs of Karnataka, e observed considerable flexibility and mobility in their caste hierarchies. [5][6] He asserts that the caste system is far from a rigid system in which the position of each component caste is fixed for all time. Movement has always been possible, and especially in the middle regions of the hierarchy. It was always possible for groups born into a lower caste to â€Å"rise to a higher position by adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism† i. e. adopt the customs of the higher castes. While theoretically â€Å"forbidden†, the process was not uncommon in practice. The concept of anskritization, or the adoption of upper-caste norms by the lower castes, addressed the actual complexity and fluidity of caste relations. Historical examples of mobility in the Indian Caste System among Hindus have been researched. There is also precedent of certain Shudra families within the temples of the Shrivaishava sect in South India elevating their caste. [2] Reform movements There have been cases of upper caste Hindus warming to the Dalits and Hindu priests, demoted to outcaste ranks, who continued practising the religion. An example of the latter was Dnyaneshwar, who was excommunicated from society in he 13th century, but continued to compose the Dnyaneshwari, a Dharmic commentary on the Bhagavad Gita. Other excommunicated Brahmins, such as Eknath, fought for the rights of untouchables during the Bhakti period. Historical examples of Dalit priests include Chokhamela in the 14th century, who was India’s first recorded Dalit poet, Raidas, born into Dalit cobblers, and others. The 1 5th- century saint Ramananda also accepted all castes, including untouchables, into his fold. Most of these saints subscribed to the Bhakti movements in Hinduism during he medieval period that rejected casteism. Nandanar, a low-caste Hindu cleric, also rejected casteism and accepted Dalits. [7] In the 19th century, the Brahmo SamaJ under Raja Ram Mohan Roy, actively campaigned against untouchability. The Arya SamaJ founded by Swami Dayanand also renounced discrimination against Dalits. Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa founded the Ramakrishna Mission that participated in the emancipation of Dalits. Upper caste Hindus, such as Mannathu Padmanabhan also participated in movements to abolish Untouchability against Dalits, opening his amily temple for Dalits to worship. While there always have been places for Dalits to worship, the first â€Å"upper-caste† temple to openly welcome Dalits into their fold was the Laxminarayan Temple in Wardha in the year 1928 (the move was spearheaded by reformer Jamnalal Baja]). Also, the Satnami movement was founded by Guru Ghasidas, a Dalit himself. Other reformers, such as Mahatma Jyotirao Phule also worked for the emancipation of Dalits. Another example of Dalit emancipation was the Temple Entry Proclamation issued by the last Maharaja of Travancore in the Indian state of Kerala in the year 1936. The Maharaja proclaimed that â€Å"outcastes should not be denied the consolations and the solace of the Hindu faith†. Even today, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple that first welcomed Dalits in the state of Kerala is revered by the Dalit Hindu community. The 1930s saw key struggles between Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar, most notably over whether Dalits would have separate electorates or Joint electorates with reserved seats. The Indian National Congress was the only national organisation with a large Dalit following, but Gandhi nalysis of Untouchability, but lacked a workable political strategy: his conversion to Buddhism in 1956, along with millions of followers, highlighted the failure of his political endeavours. 8] India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, based on his own relationship with Dalit reformer Ambedkar, also spread information about the dire need to eradicate untouchability for the benefit of the Dalit community. In addition, other Hindu groups have reached out to the Dalit community in an effort to reconcile with them, with productive results. How to cite Cast System in india, Papers