Greasy lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle

Greasy lake by T. Coraghessan BoyleGreasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle and W present atomic number 18 You Going, Where carry You Been? by Joyce warble Oates atomic number 18 two works that have the generalized theme of death in them. They may protest in contextual ways, but the deeper theme they share is present. The more in depth comparisons are astir(predicate) puerilers trying to find their way through life as portrayed through their looks and actions, and the thought of how you perceive yourself fire get you into trouble. Greasy Lake contains teenage bad boys trying to find their self identity, and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been surrounds a girl who doesnt know the power of attention she attracts, until its too late.In Greasy Lake the main characters c every(prenominal) themselves bad characters. They are putting on a faade of leather jackets, mischief and rock and roll. These main characters were Digby, Jeff and the narrator, who unfeignedly didnt know what they were getting into late one wickedness at Greasy Lake. What started out as a joke led to a string of unfortunate events, and how the three boys in the end realized that they were indeed, non bad characters anymore hence the teenage self exploration. From a fight, to attempted rape, to the smashing of the narrators mothers car, one dark was all it took for those boys to see that they werent who they thought they were. This all ties in with the theme because of the things that are going through the narrators direct as he leads the readers through the events.The whole scene is dark to begin with. Its late at night when the boys arrive at the lake, they end up in trouble with a big greasy character, as they call him, and the whole lake is surrounded by death and decay. This can be an immediate connection to death. another(prenominal) way to show discovery is how at the end of the story it reads as this, when the boys are ready to moil home I just looked at her. I thought I was going to cry. (403) I study at this point the narrator realizes that thither will always be someone out there that will be tougher than you, and that will get you in the end. He realizes that sure, they were big and bad to themselves, until they met their match. This shows change in the characters which is a big indication of theme. Another indication would be the title, because greasy is generally something that is used in a bad way, so it doesnt in any way reflect life.Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? is also, alike(p) stated before, about teenage perception and how it can or will get you into trouble. There is a girl, named Connie, who thinks that she is so pretty and is a completely vain character. She believes that she can get any guy she wants, and wants any guy she can get, until she attracts unwanted attention. This is a story in part created through a consequent killer. Being about a serial killer alone shows darkness and death, but there are other examples of t his theme. One would be how Connie would always sneak out with her friends to the burger joint across the street. This is an act of defying parents. She defies her parents because they deal her as if they dont care about her at all. This is also something that is negative and could relate to death. Connie ends up being so nave about who she may be showing off too, that she becomes trapped, alone, in her suffer home with a small-arm outside, coming to kidnap her. This is another similarity to Boyles story, because there is a change in the character here as well.Connie changes because she goes from getting any guy she wants, and thinking that shes invincible, to be completely vulnerable in her own home. An example of how full of herself she is, is right in the get-go couple of sentences She was fifteen and she had a quick sickish giggling habit of craning her neck to look into mirrors, or checking other peoples faces to make sure her own was alright. (427) This alone shows how al l she cares about are looks. An example of confidence and then vulnerability comes when the kidnapper, Arnold Friend, comes to her house to get her. At first she is excited and plays it cool, thinking she can handle any situation. The feeling quickly changes though, when she realizes this is one situation she deliver get herself out of, becoming vulnerable.Therefore, both Greasy Lake and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? have a share theme, being that how you perceive yourself can get you into trouble. The boys from Greasy Lake met their match and learned that they really werent bad characters and Connie from Where Are You Going had a more unfortunate demise when she realized being too confident can get you into a bad situation. The stories also had recurring instances of death, from the decaying lake to Arnold Friend being a dark and alarming character to Connie. All in all, even though the plots may have been different, the theme of death and teenage self exploration ar e present in these works.

Population Geography Essay

Population geography Essay consciousness Population GeographyCrystal MullenWhat did you learn this week that you did not k right off before or that you set up interesting? What outside resources did you use this week?I remember growing up in the 70s and 80s the stipulation Zero Population. At the time, I didnt really know what it meant except a frontier to encourage teenagers to use experience control and thereby avoid having children while theyre still a child as well. As it turns out I wasnt that off the beaten track(predicate) off from my view of the concept. It genuinely originated by the prime pastor of Singapore in 1972. He was concerned that his island country was facing over common wealthiness with its circulating(prenominal) count of 1 million people. So he legalized abortion and sterilization and banned maternity premeditation and benefits for women who have more than than than two children. However by the mid-1980s, the Singapores family pass judgment plummet ed to below the levels that be needful to replenish the community. The prime ministers plan to reduce his countrys population backfired because the abortions performed in the country were terminated more than one(a)-third of all the countrys pregnancies. This lead the prime minister to reverse his polity in 1990 to encourage multiple births for mothers under 28 by offering longsighted term tax rebates and thereby restore population loss suffered in Singapore (Getis, Bjelland, Getis, 2014, p. 111).This reversal of policy is an example of an unbending population reality how a countrys infrastructure is controlled today allow determine how it is controlled in the future. This means the size, characteristics, migrations and even growing trends be what determines the overall wellness of those yet to be born. This information is necessary when considering the locations and scraps of people as it reachs to the necessary background to all of the aspects of population geographic s (Getis, Bjelland, Getis, 2014, p. 111).Population geographics is an aspect of humanity geographics. This branch of geography focuses scientifically studies people in their spacial distributions and the density (Briney, 2014). Population geography provides geographers and scientists with the theories and concepts need to better comprehend and thereby forecast the composition, size, and the distribution of human population (Getis, Bjelland, Getis, 2014, p. 111). In order for population geographers to need this factors, they review the information that documents the increase and return in an land of population, general settlement patterns, peoples movements over time, and even topics like occupation. This is what develops the geographic character of a cross role (Briney, 2014). Population geography is well-nigh related and yet differs from demography. Demography statistically studies human population as well, however, demography is more concerned with spatial analysis pa ttern, location, and density. Instead, population geography studies a regions resources such as standard of living, frugal development, and food supply as they change a populations health and well-being. These characteristics are the all-important(a) ingredients for human population geography (Getis, Bjelland, Getis, 2014, p. 111).Population geography is a large branch in the geography tree. It contains quite a few different topics that relate to the arenas population issues. The first of these topics is called population distribution. Population distribution is described as the study of where people are choosing (or not choosing) to live. Our homos population tends to be quite uneven. Some regions are considered to be rude and are thereby sparsely live. Meanwhile, other locations that are more urban are consequently more densely populated. In order to learn more about population distribution population geographers practically study past population distributions of that reg ions people so that they pile understand how and wherefore certain spatial locations areas have blossomed into major urban centers we have today. Sparsely populated areas are usually harsh places to live such as areas in Alaska, Siberia, and Canadas northern territories. On the other hand, densely populated areas like Hong Kong, or cities such as late York City or Los Angeles, California are far more hospitable.A second topic in population geography is population density. While closely related to population distribution, population density however studies a region to determine the average number of people that live in an area. This is done by dividing the number of people that currently live that area by total area available. These numbers usually are noted as persons per square cubic centimeter or persons per square kilometer.Population density are often affected by several factors which, coincidentally, are often subjects of population geographers study. These factors tend to relate to the populations physical environment such as topography and climate. For example, regions with harsh climates such as Californias Death Valley are thereby sparsely populated. Other factors that affect population density can also be related to the regions political environments as well as the social, economic culture of an area. For example, Singapore and Tokyo have mild climates with healthy political, social, and economic and are thereby densely populated.Another area of study for population geographers consists of overall population proceeds as well as changes in population. This topic is of great interest to population geographers because the population of the world has grown so dramatically since the 1800s. In order to properly study overall population growth, population geographers study the populations areas natural increase birth place as well as cobblers last rates. The number of infants born per 1000 people in the areas population any year is considered the b irth rate. Likewise the number of stopping points per 1000 individuals every year is considered the death rate.Historically speaking, the increase rate of population used to naturally be near zero. This didnt mean that no one being born nor that no one was dying. Actually, this meant that the areas births roughly equaled the areas deaths. However, umteen regions now host populations with that are living much longer because of access to better health premeditation as well as higher standards of living. These factors have reduced the overall death rate. Birth rates are now known to either increase or decrease based on the wealth of the nation. For example, birth rates are actually lower in developed nations. However, in developing nations, the birth rate is still high. Therefore, the population of the world has grown tremendously.Along the same lines of natural increase, population geographers study population changes as it relates to a populations net migration for an area (Briney , 2014). They compare and contrast data found in a populations in-migration and out-migration patterns. Therefore, a regions overall rate of growth or population change is the result of a populations natural increase as well as their net migration.Finally, though certainly not exhaustively, an essential tool in population geography that is essential to the study of growth rates around the world as well as changes in population is called the demographic transition model. This model looks at the quatern bes of a countrys development and considers how population changes are thereby affected. The first stage of a countrys development takes place when the new countrys birth rates and death rates are both high, resulting in a small amount of natural increase and an equally small population. The second stage of a countrys development reveals an increase in birth rates and a decrease in death rates resulting in a high growth period in the population (surprisingly, this is normally the st age where least developed countries actually fail). The third stage of a countrys development show a change in trends with a decrease in birth rate as well as a decreasing death rate, thereby once again slowing down the growth of that countrys population growth. The fourth and final stage of a countrys development shows a balance in birth and death rates both being low, resulting in a low natural increase (Briney, 2014). I can see how using a demographic transition model enables population geographers forecast the future health and wellbeing of a nation by studying the four stages of development that nation experienced.Conclusion after(prenominal) reviewing the concepts of population geography, I have a better understanding of the actions of the Singapores prime minister in 1972. While I dont agree with his extreme measures of limiting care for more than two children per family and legalizing abortions and sterilizations, I can see how charting a countrys birth and death rates and considering how those numbers affect his nations resources could lead him to believe his nation would be picked clean by an over-abundance of his own people and for the good of his nation, At the same time, I can see how population geography was at the heart of prime ministers reversal of policy because he can now see how his policies were leaving his country vulnerable to constant poverty because there simply were not tolerable citizens avail to care for and protect their land. Therefore, I have a better appreciation of how population geography is used to study health and well-being of a population anywhere in the world.ReferencesBriney, A. (2014). Population Geography An Overview of Population Geography. Retrieved February 1, 2014, from Geography.About.com http//geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/populationgeography.htmGetis, A., Bjelland, M., Getis, V. (2014). Chapter 5, Population Geography. In A. Getis, M. Bjelland, V. Getis, Introduction to Geography 14th Editio n (p. 111). New York McGraw Hil.

Analysis Of Noun Phrase In English And Vietnamese Education Essay

Analysis Of Noun Phrase In side of meat And Vietnamese Education Es s chamberpotNoun idiomatic im graphic symbolions as intimately as a nonher(prenominal) evinces satisfy an important role in mastering any langu develop. Without noun enounce, in that location would flummox no agents, no patients, and no recipients. Additionally, no matter how wide our phrase may be, a single sacred scripture is oftentimes insufficient in expressing our thought.. A abducttrastive analysis between vista and Vietnamese is required and interesting for tea khing and get a lineing. Almost every language has noun phrases, however, despite having the aforementioned(prenominal) basic structure, they have well-nigh(prenominal) differences..This study aims to explore internal and international structure of side of meat and Vietnamese noun phrases then make a semblance between deuce affables of NP as well as kindle many teaching implications. I hope through this assignment, both I and the readers provide learn nighthing helpful which drop apply to face teaching and learning.Noun phrase in faceDefinitions Le (2002) defined noun phrase (NP) as a group of scripts bloodline with a noun and functioning appositive. This NP often goes right before or right subsequently the noun it expresses.Ex A victim of pilfertend, he hated the sight of soldiers. (A victim of war = he)According to L.H.Nguyen (2004), a NP is a group of articulates with a noun or pronoun as the main fictitious character (the notch). In his book Analyzing English, capital of Mississippi added many more deal about the tip which is the minimal destiny for the descendrence of a noun phrase. Despite the NP is in simple diversity much(prenominal)(prenominal) as students or in complex determine much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the story about the girl who usanced to live there, it mustiness have a noun or pronoun expressing the main idea.Structure Basically, a noun phrase consists of 3 main separate Pre Modification, Head, Post Modification. But in more or less complex NPs, we end cover that the Pre Modification may contain other components. Based on the theory of NP in the book Analyzing English by Howard Jackson, we have a detailed formula of NP as side by side(p) Pre ModificationHeadPost ModificationPre determiner(A)Identifiers(B) identification fig/ quantifier(C)Adjectives(D)Noun modifier(E)N/pro(F)Relative clauses, non-finite clause, prepositional phrase, procedurals, adverbs.(G) hedge 1 The structure of a NP in EnglishNow, we will go into details of the structure of a NP.Pre ModificationThis part basically has 5 elements as shown in the above circumvent. The first element is pre-determiners. They be a small group of words which may occur before the identifier in a NP. They likewise have quantifier ac dealledgement (all, both, half, ) fraction telephone out tote ups (one-third, ).Next element is identifiers. This element includes arti cles (a, an, the) demonstrative (this, that, these, those) possessives (my, your, his,). But there is one thing we should pay attention. In any NP, just entirely one identifier may occur, it means that articles, demonstrative and possessives are mutually exclusive. We hawk theorize that my manse but if we use of-phrase with the possessive pronoun, we can express that NP in another way that book of mine.In some NPs such(prenominal) as tail fin cats, some(prenominal) books, the pre modification here is numeral (five) or quantifier(several). Also, sometimes, we can forgather the combination of these two elements in some NPs. The frequent sequences are ordinal number numeral ( peculiarly first and run ) + questionable quantifier ( eg the first few hours), ordinal + carmine (eg the warrant five days), indefinite quantifier + cardinal numeral, especially round number (eg several thousand people) (Nguyen, 2004, p. 44).To amplify the flip noun in some way, the next element, adjectives, throw in after the identifier and numerals/quantifiers. However, in case that several adjectives co-occur in a NP, there is a rule for their hostelry.epithetSizeshapeage tingeoriginsubstancepresent participlecharming smallroundoldbrownFrenchoakenwriting tableTable 2 The adjective orderThe last element is noun modifiers which inject between the adjectives and the head noun. As we can see, nouns may function not only as heads of NP but in any case modifiers in NP. For example, in NP a children book, children modifies book and a children book means a book for children.Beside 5 basic elements mentioned above, there is one further kind of pre-modification that is NP in genitive case. This kind is marked by an s added to the its final word (eg my friend s bicycle).Head The most uncouth kind of head of NP is noun, but in some NPs such as She is my best friend, the head may be a pronoun of some kind, usually a personal pronoun (he, she, you). Similarly, Jacobs (1995) state d that many NPs in English are single forms consisting perhaps just of a noun or a pronoun. When the head is a pronoun, it doesnt need any modification, especially the pre-modification.Kinds of pronoun functioning as the headExamplesPersonal pronounHe, she, you, they, we, .Indefinite pronounsome(a)one, something, nobody,Possessive pronounHis, her, your, their,Demonstrative pronounThis, that, Table 3 Kinds of pronoun functioning as the head of NPPost-modificationThis part is most a great deal followed by phrases or clauses. Three kinds of phrasal/clausal post-modification we often see is relative clauses, non-finite clauses, and prepositional phrases, sometimes we also see an adjective or an adverb functioning as a post-modifier in NP (Jackson, p.15).A relative clause consists of a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that, whose,) as a head, which mentions pricker to the head noun of NP. If the relative pronouns function is object in the relative clause, we can omit that relative pronoun.Non-finite clause is clause usually without subjects introduced by a non-finite form of the verb. That kind of clause include 3 kinds infinite clause, present participle clause, past participle.In a NP, prepositional phrase occurs most frequently functioning as post-modifier.Some examples all in all the schools in townA B F G (prepositional phrase)The last few daysB C C F ring Bang Shin Ki, my favourite music band.F G (appositive NP)My blatant 4-year-old white Siamese catB epithet age colour FThis mischievous tax collectors grabbing handNP Genitive D FThe Korea history which has just been published.B D F G (relative clause)Something important to doF (indefinite pro) G (adjectives) G (non-finite clause)The girl in arrears youB F G (adverb)Two horses eating grass.A F G (non-finite clause present participle)A theme song smooth by Lee So ManB E F G (non-finite clause past participle) leash of the populationA B FNoun phrase in VietnameseDefinitions Mai, Vu and Hoang (2006) defined NP (danh ng) is a phrase in which the noun function as the main part.Also, NP in the theory of Doan, Nguyen, Pham (2001) is a wanton combination of a noun heart and soul and one or more than one subordinate elements which can be front elements standing before the nucleus noun or can be end elements standing after the nucleus noun.Structure As a phrase, NP in Vietnamese also has three main parts Pre-Modification (Front Element), Head (Nucleus), Post-Modification (End Element). More detailed, according to Mai et al. s theory (pp. 276-280), the structure of NP in Vietnamese can be described as following Tt cnhngCicon moeny(-3)(-2)(-1)Head noun (0)(1)(2)Table 4 The structure of a NP in VietnameseFront elementsAs we can see from the table, the elements in the position (-3), (-2) and (-1) are called front elements, piece of music the elements standing after the nucleus (1) and (2) are called end elements. Those elements are dictated in a stable way as shown in the above tab le.In damage of the front elements , we have three kinds. In the position (-1), quantifiers such as tt c, tt thy, ht thy, ht c, c,.are utilize. Those words can occur beforedefinite numerals mt, hai, ba, bn,Ex tt c bn mi sinh vin (1)collective nouns n, l, b, b, nm, .Ex c l con trai common nouns qun, o, binh, lnh, xe c, my mc,Ex ht thy my mcLets pay attention to the quantifiers such as tt c, tt thy, ht thy, ht c, c,.From the examples above, we can see that such those quantifiers occur before the head noun. Now, taking the first example, is it right if we say it in such a way bn mi sinh vin tt c ? Actually, in call of grammar, it is correct but the meaning is assorted. The NP tt c bn mi sinh vin means that no students are left, but in bn mi sinh vin tt c, there are some students left. So, we can conclude that tt c can stand before and after the head noun depending on the speakers attention.Diep Quang Ban (2000) stated that position (-2) is the place taken by word class as follo wing Definite numeral/ cardinal number (t ch s lng xc nh/s t)Mt, hai, ba, bn, mi, trm ..Mi con moEstimate quantifier (t ch s phng nh)Vi, vi ba, dm, mi, vi ba khch hngAllocating words (t hm phn phi)M-i, mt, tng,M-i cng dnArticles (qun t)Nhng, cc, mt,..Nhng bc sWord myMy con g nyTable 5 the position (-2) in a NP in VietnameseHowever, we should pay attention that such elements as vi, vi ba, dm, can not co-exist with the quantifiers such as tt c, tt thy, ht thy, ht c, c in the position (-3).In damage of the position (-1), Diep Quang Ban (2000) stated that it is taken by the deictic word ci (t ch xut) in order to emphasize things mentioned in the head noun. However, sometimes, ci is replaced by another deictic word such as con in NP con ngi y. In Vietnamese NP, ci occurs before the head noun and can intervene between a numeral (if there is one) and the classifier or a measure phrase. It may be preceded by other pre-noun modifiers such as quantifiers, numerals, and articles. It must al shipway co-occur with a classifier as in ba ci cun len kia or ba ci thng nc ny. Besides, ci is sometimes mistaken with the homonymous classifier ci, but its different from classifier ci as well as other classifiers in term of distribution and function. When ci precedes a count noun, the use of a classifier is obligatory, as shown in (a). However, ci cannot be apply before the homonymous classifier as shown in (b)ba ci cun len (correct)ba ci ci chn (incorrect)Usually, with the presence of the deictic word, the noun is demonstrative like ny, kia, y, .(eg ci thng nhc ny) . But, in spoken language, we often see that the demonstratives are omitted, like ci thng nhc.The nucleus (head noun) According to Dinh Dien (n.d), the nucleus (position (0)) may be a noun(boy, teacher, cat, house) or a combination between a classifier (danh t ch loi) and the head noun such as con ngi, quyn sch, my sy. Otherwise, the head noun may be a classifier followed by a descriptive free word cluster (t hp t t do miu t) such as hai ngi ang ngi ni chuyn ng kia, nhng vic bn hm ba Additionally, words which are not nouns can also be the head delinquent to the utterance habit of Vietnamese. For example, we can shorten the NP hai cc c ph en into the NP hai en.Some Vietnamese classifiers are commonly usedci used for most inanimate objects (ci bn, ci gh,..)con usually for animals and children (con b), but can be used to describe some inanimate objects (con dao, con ng)bi used for compositions like songs, drawings, poems, essays, etc (bi th, bi ht,..)cy used for stick-like objects (cy phng, cy sng,)ta buildings of authority courts, halls, ivory towers (ta nh,..)qu/tri used for globular objects (qu chui, tri t,..)quyn/cun used for book-like objects (cun sch, quyn tp ch,..)t sheets and other thin objects made of paper (t giy, t bo,..)l smaller sheets of paper (l th, l bi,)vic an event or an ongoing process (vic kinh doanh, vic hc,)End elementsDoan et al. classified the end elements in terms of part of speech, structure, way of connection, order of some elements.c.1) In terms of part of speech nounlp ngoi ngverblp giao tipadjectivelp ngcardinal numerallp 4noun of placelp trn lunoun of timelp bui tipronounlp ca tiTable 6 The end elements in Vietnamese NP in terms of part of speechc.2) In terms of structureA principal accessory phrase sch vn hc MA coordinated phrase sch nghe v niA S-V phrase sch m ti va muac.3) In terms of way of connectionDirect ways ( eg tinh thn thp, mt b cu)Indirect ways (eg b phim m anh thch, bi vit m ti va hon thnh)c.4) In terms of the following orderThe nucleus A B (a, b, c, d) CABCgoes with the nucleus to form a phrase (a compound noun)describes the characteristics of the object that the nucleus mentionedEx phng khch rng, bn lm vic sang trng,.demonstrative pronouns such as ny, y, abCda noun, a verb or an adjectivev + noun or bng + nounca + noun or + nounClausesTable 6 The end elements in Vietnamese NP in terms of some elements order.Something about demonstratives may cause you mis attending if we dress up them in different order. For example, compare two NPs vic y ca anh and vic ca anh y, we can see the difference in meaning here due to our speaking intonation. In the first NP, if we speak with a flat intonation, we can understand it as his work, whereas, if we speak with a raising intonation at y in the second NP, it can be understood that its your work, not others work.Some examples Tt c nhng ci vy en bng jeans shop Cass m cu(-1) (-2) (-3) (0) (1) (abcd)thng thy (2)b) ng ua s 2 trc mt (Diep, 2000, p. 60)(0) (1) ( cardinal numberc)c) Nhng thng nhc nghch ngm y(-2) (0) (1) (adjective) (2)d) Sn nh chi mi lau(0) (1) (S-V phrase)e) Ci cun tp ch trn k (-1) (0) (1) (c) (2)A comparison of English NP and Vietnamese NPFrom what we prove above about the NP in English and Vietnamese, we can see that both of them have a basic structure pre-modification, head, post-modification. . However, there are still some differences betw een them. We will discuss some notable similarities and differences in the positions of pre-modification and post-modification in English and Vietnamese NP.Firstly, in both English and Vietnamese NP, quantifier, numerals, fractions stand before the head noun.(a) All those old chairsQuantifier head noun(b) Several thousand peoplenumeral head noun(c) One-third of my studentsfraction head noun(a) Tt c nhng ci gh c quantifier head noun adjective(b) Vi ngn nginumeral head noun(c) Mt phn ba s hc sinh ca tifraction head nounSecondly, demonstrative, ordinal numbers, possessives come before the head noun in English but after the head noun in Vietnamese.That large brick housedemonstrative head nounThe second tour to Koreaordinal number head nounMy favourite spicy nutritionpossessive head noun(a) Ngi nh bng gch to ln head noun demonstrative(b) Chuyn du lch th hai n Hn Quchead noun ordinal number(c) Thc n cay yu thch ca tihead noun possessiveThirdly, in terms of adjectives, we put them in fro nt of the head noun in English NP but in Vietnamese, we put them after the head noun.Ex ci bn mu nu lm bng g- xoihead noun. adjectivesA brown oaken table.adjectives head noun.However, in some cases, adjectives come after the head noun in English NP such as something strange, somebody brave, Additionally, the order of adjectives modifiers in English is rather ameliorate (epithet, size, shape, age, colour, origin, substance, present participle) whereas that in Vietnamese NP may be exchanged, base on the speakers attention. For example, in English, we just have only one order a pretty blue skirt but when we say in Vietnamese, there are 2 ways mt chic vy mu xanh da tri xinh xn and mt chic vy xinh xn mu xanh da tri.Moreover, in English NP, the occurrence of nouns and determiners is obligatory but optional in Vietnamese NP. So, if we translate the phrase cun sch trn bn into Vietnamese, it will be book on table. Is it right? As you see, the true phrase should be the book on the tabl e .In Vietnamese, classifiers are generally obligatory in numerated NP whereas in English, we dont usually use classifiers before nouns, except some special words a pair of shoes, a loaf of bread .EX In English, we say two books but in Vietnamese, we say hai cun sch.The next difference I want to mention is the position of noun modifiers. In English NP, they come before a head noun but in Vietnamese, they come after the head noun. Nevertheless, in some cases in Vietnamese, noun modifiers precedes the head noun (eg mt thi nhn, mt c th,..)A ballet classA package tourA pass campaign(a) Mt lp ba l(b) Chuyn du lch trn gi(c) chin dch ma hLast but not least, sometimes there are some ambiguous structures that cause us confused. In Vietnamese, what comes into peoples mind first is spoken first is the common rule, which is also a natural order of peoples thinking (Dinh, n.d, p. 11). Lets take a NP as an example. How many ways you can say the English NP a new Korean leather coat ? We have mt ci o khoc mi bng lng th ca Hn Quc or mt ci o khoc Hn Quc bng lng th mi and mt ci o khoc bng lng th Hn Quc mi.It seems that in the English NP, the position of pre-modifiers and post-premodifiers are not so free and flexible as that in Vietnamese NPImplication in English teaching and learningLearners of English may have some difficulties such as how to translate fromEnglish into Vietnamese and vice versa due to the differences in the position of pre-modifiers and post-modifiers we have just mentioned above (for example mt quyn sch hay a book satisfactory or a book interesting. They may also be in trouble with the order of the adjectives in a rather long noun phrase with many adjectives. Which adjective come first? Which one will come next? Where should we put those adjectives. Vietnamese students may find it difficult to call all the positions due to the habit of placing the adjectives after the head noun and using them flexibly. penetrating clearly about English NP and Vietnamese NP, especially the differences as well as the common mistakes that Vietnamese learners often meet will help the teachers guide their students correctly. In other words, learners can know their mistakes from the beginning so that they can find it easy to learn English later, especially grammar. Based on the knowledge of English NP and Vietnamese NP, the teachers also design the tasks for students to consolidate and practice knowledge of phrases and sentences in both two languages.ConclusionIn conclusion, although NP in English and Vietnamese has the uniform basic structure (pre-modification, head, post-modification), they are not the same in the word order of pre-modification and post-modification. These differences are caused by the dissimilarity in thinking and speaking habit of English and Vietnamese. As a student as well as a teacher-to-be, this research helps me a lot. When doing this assignment, I have a chance to consolidate my knowledge of both English and Vietnamese and kno w something new and helpful. With what I learn from this research, I will apply to my study and teaching career.

Challenges And Constraints Of Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Ch on the wholeenges And Constraints Of solar cogency Environmental Sciences EssayThe biggest contest that solar nil faces to twenty-four hours is the alternative conventional heftiness sources that atomic number 18 cheaper in terms of consumption measures (Rupees per KWh).Electricity generated from Solar zero is greetlier comp atomic number 18d to that produced from coal-fired ply demonstrates. political science and enterprises argon working on producing cheaper solar cadres to reduce cost of usage. Although the wrong of Solar Photovoltaic applied science has decreased in the last days, it is pipe down not a feasible solution for large scale baron times purposes. In India, the average cost of Photovoltaic modules is around Rs. 2 lc/KWh and the cost of electricity generation of electricity from Solar Photovoltaic and Solar thermal r come ine is in the range of Rs. 12 -20 per kWh and Rs. 10 15 per kWh respectively. The electricity produced this way is four-five times costlier from that produced from conventional sources. Advancement in technology is required to reduce this gap.The manufacturing process needs to be more than cost- strengthive since the Solar Photovoltaic conversion of electricity is a racy-technology process demanding high level of skills and expertise. Companies ar allocating special funds for research and development in the assiduity to encourage innovations to improve the process. Since the field is a relatively spic-and-span one with less(prenominal) knowledge in the field, new companies face take exceptions in coping up with the alive players in the field.India is suitably rigid to acquire sufficient sunlight all round the year. However there argon a few places which do not receive enough solar free cleverness throughout the year, which affects the cost of production. Areas which receive huge amounts of rainfall and atomic number 18 clouded for most parts of the year, automatically get ruled out as potential sites for Solar Energy generation.Another major challenge that solar energy faces is storage of the generated force. Electricity from Photovolatic kiosks cannot be generated during the night and during doubtful days and hence suitable measures develop to be adopted to insert the energy produced during the other times of the day. Another major disadvantage is that approach shot on a short term basis cannot be predicted. Since India is located near to the equator the incoming radiation fluctuate a little both year, it is however rough to predict the incoming radiations on a day to day basis. Apart of this there are seasonal variations which ca practise the show and demand to gravel out of phase. It is thus imperative that Solar Energy cannot be relied upon as the only source of electricity for potential uses manage space heating, till beseeming storage measures are invented. It is also difficult to store energy since it also increases the cost of production and installatio n. Only formerly this issue gets resolved can solar energy actually fence with other existent sources of energy.ENVIRONMENTAL COSTSDue to absence of proper g everyplacenment regulation ,local government and individuals are skeptical about the effect that setting up of big solar power plants will have on the individuals and environment. A large scale solar power plant typically requires approximately one square kilometer for every 20-60MW generated.altogether MATERIAL AND WASTE PRODUCTSSome of the materials ( like Cadmium) apply for producing Solar PV cells are barbarian and other raw materials like plastics used for the packaging of the cells are non-biodegradable, thereby impacting the environment. Although some of the waste generated during the manufacturing process is recyclable (silicon), not all other materials are recyclable and disposal of the same is a dispute process.AESTHETICS AND DESIGNAnother barrier to wider adoption of solar cell and solar module products and syste ms among commercial and residential consumers is aesthetics and design. Consumers have resisted solar products for aesthetic reasons. Established solar products are heavy, rigid, fragile and non-modular. Solar cell and solar module creaters can improve aesthetics by developing products that can be more attractively integrated into building structures, and that are lighter, flexible and modular and hence more feasible.Growth in next tense and driving factors hard Solar Vs Photovoltaic SolarSolar energy utilization technologies can be broadly classified into two categories asConcentrated Solar TechnologyPhotovoltaic Solar TechnologyIn Concentrated Solar Technology the solar energy converts heat liquids into steam, which is so used to drive turbines to produce electricity, heating and cooling purposes, providing hot pee etc. In PV Solar, solar panels are used to produce electricity. The Concentrated Solar technology provides a good alternative to PV solar, one that is less expens ive and more versatile.Benefits of concentrated solar technology areIt uses existing resources like generators, piping and mirrors. Due to which the production cost are oftentimes lower than PV solarIn producing solar energy no hazardous materials are used. Thus it is free from production hassles that could arise due to future government laws or policies.It can also store the heat that is generated during the day, and use it at a later time when the electricity is needed. Storing heat is more more efficient than most forms of storing electricity, and does not require expensive equipment or large tracks of region.Due to the aforementioned benefits Concentrated Solar Technology is before long a more sought after method. But the potential for PV Solar Technology is high and is be worked over across all countries. organization incentivesMajor percentage of the solar energy production has been backed by the government world over. Few of the government incentives in the following s hip canal areFIT (mainly in europe)Direct Subsidy on panelsrenewable Portfolio Standards (RPS, in US)ITC (Investment tax credits, in US)Some of the goals with respect to solar energy of different countries driven by government initiatives areTheEuropean matrimonyhas linked goals to get 20% of its energy from clean sources by 2012.Chinas renewable Energy Law aims to raise the total percentage of renewable energy used in the country to 15% by 2020.The U.S. Stimulus bloom of February of 2009 include $60 billion in loan guarantees for companies building solar and wind plants with the goal of doubling renewable energy production from 2009 to 2012.In June of 2008, Germany approved a law cutting its solar subsidies by 10%. Further, under the law subsidies will fall another 8%-10% all(prenominal) year for the next three years.The Spanish Government cut its solar subsidies by 30%.renewable energy demandShifts in renewable energy demand are a major driver for the solar market. Two major dr ivers of this shift are climate changeand visor oil.Climate Change With more people than ever being aware(p) of global warming and its potential effects, and fear of the repercussions of a carbon-based energy shunning is driving consumer demand for alternatives like solar. With increasing number of people being aware of global warming and its harmful effects, rising fear caused due to carbon based energy production, the demand for alternative energy resources are in demand. The number of awareness campaigns to promote the use of alternative resources has increase tremendously over the past few years and will gallop to rise in the future. Wind and Solar energy are the first-year potential step taken into consideration.Peak Oil and Energy freedom The ever rising oil prices and the scarcity of finding the mines and oil militia are a growing concern. It is predicted that the oil resources will dwindle to much(prenominal) an extent that the growth of any country will be a stand still if measures are not taken today to curtail the dependence. Furthermore, a large part of the world oil supply can be found in politically turbulent countries with OPEC having dominant control over world oil supply (and, therefore, prices), many countries desire energy alternatives in order to break dependence on geopolitically unstable nations.Technology and te SupplySilicon was previously used extensively by the semiconductor unit industry. But, with the advent of solar power and its rapid growth the demand for them has change magnitude exponentially, resulting in an under-supply of silicon unable to meet the current demand. Thus the higher prices in silicon mean higher production cost for solar companies and lower margins. For a sustainable growth and control in costs of production in the future the demand-supply equilibrium must be in check.In recent years the technical cash advances in the field of solar power has been rapid and tremendous. Everyone across the value cha in, manufacturers and suppliers are working towards producing more solar energy out of the existing solar equipment. Advancements have included increasing cell energy efficiency, utilize thinner wafers, and increasing generating power in low-light (generation of energy even on a cloudy day). The advancement in two new manufacturing processes namely string-ribbon technology and thin-film technology, designed to drastically reduce thesiliconrequired to make PV cells, could dramatically decrease the cost of new PV cells.The use of a new nanotechnology based approach using Tetrapod Quantum Dots (TQ-Dots) is being considered. It is an economical alternative to replace the silicon wafer based solar cells with flexible TQ-Dot solar cells and has the advantage of generating electricity from UV and infrared wavelengths allowing generation 24/7.Government RegulationAs the solar industry continues to grow at 25% per annum, the government is faced with the challenge to regulate the industry to allow for equitable dissemination of the industry benefits. The kernel Ministry has set up a separate Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources later renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. The government is trying hard to bring India to the number 1 level by introducing grid based incentives and providing concession at various levels of manufacturing and distribution in its recent reckon 2010-11.Effect on the Environment there is an ongoing debate on how Concentrated Solar Plants especially inare touching the environment. There is a concern how the use of vast amounts of public land for Solar Energy development will affect local inhabitants. topical anaesthetic Government and Environmental bodies have raised concern for reliable restrictive measures to be setup to understand the affect on the operations of such large plants on the environment. It is expected that the government will frame certain(prenominal) special energy zones, where concentrated solar plants w ill be setup.Permitting The abide fees to set up Solar Plants varies in different areas in the countries, which causes variations in the setup price causing a dilemma in the minds of prospective investors.The cost of Solar Installation in a city varies from Rs.15,000 to Rs. 50,000.Many countries that used to face such issues are now migrating to a uniform appropriate fees system to encourage investment in this field.Regulating Solar Energy Providers As part of JNNSM, government has dedicated NTPC VidyutVyapar Nigam, for the leveraging of Solar Energy by independent solar plants, the prices of which are fixed by the primaeval Regulatory Electricity Commission for a given period of time.The power distribution companies will purchase the power generated from these plants at the prices set by the regulator.They would also follow the below mentioned normsCERC has announced tariff of Rs. 18.44 per unit for solar PV power and Rs. 13.45 per unit for solar thermal power for 25 yearsZero or concessional affair to be applied on event of some specific itemsZero Excise obligation on manufacture of many solar energy devices within the countryNTPC VVN will purchase solar power for a period of 25 years at fixed tariff announced by CERCCERC will review the costs every year and fix tariff accordingly for new projects.Union Budget 2010-11 Government has announced an allocation of $10bn for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. The budget also provides incentives to private solar companies by reducing customs duty on solar panel by 5% and exempting excise duty on photovoltaic panels.